that you would let the words in a sentence of the words in a text for the losing whatever happens to be decide what they meant by.i saw the voting.
whoever you know with the wall.also.
genomics.
because more of the words seem to be about the economic sort about this piece of the source over here,and some piece over there.then they would go on that,as it were,you.would it.
it taught the number of things that fell under this part of the,so this is that one.and it's more of the film,this one.then you would accept meetings for all of the words.
came along that was closest to that is,this is a little bit like what we just been listening to.actually,you would get a a similarity measure.
these things.
and.
well,i did that for another couple of years.
until i was hanging around the language unit.
sometimes,in.
it must have been painful.with east.
everybody else in the placement of,at least of being a good christian,some way set me.
that turn of the sound of somebody at the door.
from the rand corporation.
instead of my,the california.
and said that he had been something to find out what was going on the same side of the unit.and i said,well.
i want to be here a couple of years are not really quite sure myself,but i'll do what i have to tell you.since he.
um.
and i did that,and he said,why don't you come and spend six months in the monica.
you can tell us what you've been doing here,hardly worth money.but we can tell you what we're doing that.and i thought that it was.
and so i went to santa monica,california.
and.
oh,also sorts of wonderful things that i discovered through examples of what they say about america was,or at least was,then.it was called opportunity.
where i came from?
it was a good idea to get a degree.
it was a good ideas.go on and get a first degree.all of these things were good ideas.but the main ways you advanced in life.
what is the wait for the next person on the ladder to pull up?
and then you moved up into this place,if you are lucky.
so i went from a computer which had one thousand and twenty four memory locations.
to one that had thirty two,seven thousand seven hundred and sixty eight.just by crossing the atlantic.
i,you still use with my long time,but not the way we use them.in cambridge,we use with the computer,was in the states.
sometimes simply,the means of getting things interesting.incident that seems to be like a distinct move forward,so i can see.
um.
you know,i know idea of wandering along like this,and i thought my watching from the man,and i,no idea i could run this in five minutes or five.those two going to be a matter of.
no.
so um,i had spent my two years working with remaster,and that name you may run across in this.
to legendary figure out portion of that on the with us.
stream,nicole.
was also one of the members of something called the epiphany philosophers.
who were.
pilots of us that were members of philosophy.department of the cambridge and manchester.there is other people who were interested in.
the reconciliation of christianity.
science.
trying to make those things.
with one another.
so the extension we successful,unable to report.
but it does seem to me that.
it's a legitimate problem.
limit the rate up to me.
the my second employer,david,hail from around incorporated and force of the ocean and love with us.
but he is,i think,probably one of the people.
so,distance.
but field of computational linguistics at apple is mainly.
got started the sentence together,done that.and one of the people who.
we owe this.
um.
he invented the name.
i remember being in his office one afternoon when he said,let's call it companies,they politics,that we did.it was still going in that today.
we needed the name badly.
because.
you see what we've been doing computationally,was going well before it had a name.you can do that at times.you can do it with your name for it.it was machine translation research.
and then in nineteen,sixty four.very key.
period.
for you,that was published a little black book.
and i believe we've actually.
history have never thought you would reach people in this immediately.when i mentioned the little black book,what it must be,the talking.
school,the outlet record,or the record.of the.
okay.
automatic learning process,automatic language processing,binary committee.
of the national academy of sciences,who will hold upon the looking into whether government has been doing a good thing,because support all this work.but machine translation.
why did they ever started in the first place?well,because the russians,that just put this.
but they can do a little bit.
um.
so there was this satellite going around the world all time,something that,of course,we thought we,the americans,we americans.
i now say we that we should have done before they did.
and it was thought to be around,rather than something of a reflection on american size that we do not study.because they did.
so we needed to find out.
but rather urgently.whether.
what is.
so was it be better than american?
and if it's turned out to be redirected by this matter.
the moment was turned up.
to require that we read russian journals and things like physics and engineering.
and when we look into this,when we look looking,turned out that.
russian journals,a great tendency to be written in russian.
and.
and nobody could read.
and.
and you probably know,requiring people in the united states,unlike the other places,to learn.
her language is what's known in the constitution as cruel,unusual punishment.
so they were never told to do it.instead,we got the,we delegate this.and so people study working.
all sorts of places,including cambridge,england.both american government of trying to design machine translation system.
and by nineteen sixty people,so this will happened in what,fifty eight,fifty nine,one up.a.
um.
there was,it was felt,the time was very urgent matter,and you didn't have to worry too much about what has taken them.more than area.
by nineteen sixty four.
the sputnik hadn't been used for the thing,and we were all rather used to being up the general feeling that the russians.
is quite as much damage as they might have done,anything that this.and so they decided to look into this money of the section was being well spent.and unfortunate.they decided that the answer is no.
and said that instead of working on machine translation as an engineering enterprise.
what was to happen?
we should try to say,down more solid scientific basis to this kind of work.
factor doesn't engineering enterprise,when we had to say.
translated into scientific,very good.
that means funding is going to get science instead of ending.mary,let's move into.
um.
so we all decided,quite like a bit to move into science,and that means that we have to have a feel to be in.
it is that,have a feel to be in the main thing you need is a may.
so the main computational linguist was invented,it was not the only one that was proposed.
what you would have felt like if you ve got one in the other one is one i can remember was mechanical linguistics.
nice to have that name.
help computational universe,because the world,first proposed by david hayes,one stuff.but they don't only come up with the name.
he also came up with.
they.
society for translation and computational intentional.
he found that was.
so she was the first president.is that.
but,you know,i don't think he was,i think he was the second president like a little bunny.that is politics around that.anyway,he was.
if you want to feel the president is the second president.
and your also founded something called the international committee on computational.
which be organizing conferences of company.
it will take two years of the same.
they later came to be known as coding sequences.or that.
would originally came into existence,creating conferences.not everybody else was going,because the not sweet.
um.
so i went to the reincorporation,the nine six years,and i did what many people do,because they say so.
states six years,so i didn't fulfill the requirement that they go back afterwards.
so i stuck around for a while and went to berlin.workman said,land for a little bit.
did stuff like them?never wind up back,operation.
stage ten years.
what is the very first things that you're doing that this year is the red portion was to.
observe.
another thing which i think was.
so,my money,perhaps.
the most crucial.
so today i happened in the starting of the single was more crucial in many ways of these societies.and back to point to it,was the first piece of work.
contribution to.
intellectual endeavors,that was.
purely a piece of computational linguistics by god and nothing else.it couldn't be in bags that everything,but that these are computational linguistics.
it was an algorithm.
designs for no other purpose than to fulfill of requirements that came from computational linguistics was devised by michael john.
it was.
it was a research of the ibm corporation.
and when i want to embellish,the story is not really polishing me,but it's nice little things to say that it was quite true.john.
into the field of computational linguistic one wednesday afternoon,around noontime,elected four of luck in the afternoon,having changed it fundamentally during the four years.he must.
the hours that he was part of it.
he was sitting with his friend day at a meeting.
it's called the western joint computer conference in los angeles.
listening to somebody from wednesday university give it so on.passing russian physics.
the way this guy,that it was,the way everybody else,because basically you took what happened in russian.
third year,russian access.something.
and you tried to translate that into assembly,that which is seventy ninety.
so the program said,okay,something that,by a transitive.
first is the.
now look for something that could be a noun in the nominative case,in the degrees in number one,the judge did the.
if the trust is is.
oh,it's just kind of said transitive,i meant finite.never mind,we're going to make it did not.if it's strategic.
like this,and now we need an object to find something that could be in the experience it is.and there's one of the people do that.
now look and see whether there are any adjectives in the nominative case,the degree with this subjective in different things on some more things.and they cook to take up some more things.and by the way,if those are.
we prefer to back up and put those same thing somewhere else,because,after all,snow could be so none of this antiquity like that.
and many words could be trusted,those that they could be ready to whatever else.and so the thing became totally unmanageable.
those thousands and thousands of lines of code,trying to put your finger on something,but remember that you might have to take it off later,because it's somewhere else.and no particular way.
road organization of this.
john cox said to david,look is,this was,this guy is trying to do.he's got rules like,if you s goes to n p v.
m p goes to determine,and now stuff like that,you know,try to do that.we want all copies.all possible.solution,right.
yes,years i think,is going to do.
so you got a computer to someone with a fortune.
fruit,don't you?well,we went up.
got the computer.this famous.
say mine,so whatever it is.
um.
now i know only does binary rules,and other than this and that,but it's absolutely mother's algorithm,i mean,it's got five loops.
one inside the other.
one of the.
decide to how long the phrase is going to be that we're looking for on it times longer and longer phrases,because now,because if it does it that way,then all the shortest phrase that you need to make,the longer phrases will be there already.
so,love,length of phrase,first step,position in the sentence where,because that's the second of.
the third is given with that,got a raise this long in this position where we split it into two.
notice,by the way,i don't like.
position where is split it into three things which.
they increase with the site with the length of the sentence.
so the complexity of this album is going to be n.
which is still the standard sort of lower bound that we know that more or less causing the transition.
then,in the last two.
find a photo,speaks for the first thing to try to speak to the second thing,and see what you've got to rule that corresponds to this,to those two.if so,add something new to the set of things that you already know about.now that was a.
he say.
instead of working on what is the structure,the goal of finding that stretch of the sentence?
you go and simply to find anything that you can that might be useful in,stick it in the.
and then to use the stuff in the pot to see if you make more similar things that might be useful.
and so you are ten months of portrait.
the cup,now called cook to save my younger algorithm because the asian jungle later thought of the same idea,but this was,i think,the first.
real country with real pieces of stuff.
good contribution to completed something that was unique to a field.
one of the first jobs i hadn't,the right corporation was too.
organize seminar.
a week or seven of us with guest speakers from all over the place.
to try and generate as much.
interested local community among the local community,things that we were doing as possible.
and in those days,given that some body machine conversation was still rather reasons,that was a lot of.
in the last area,so a lot of people gave from ucla,people like cold garden.
the baker raman corporation.
there were lots of people,system development corporation,so innocent of twenty five,thirty people or something like that,met every week.
you,from.
fun notation would come from,you see,a bus stop came from new year.launch of people came from the russian department because a lot of the work is going on.and still.
and so i got enough to get to know the people in those,some extremely colorful people.i feel that time.
what we know when we now sort of required.
skill,background and the ability of general colorful ness was what is the requirements in these days and love of these people?had.
pull in.
now also,unfortunately,the with us,with one of these people who has to be at the center of things all the time.
this is the.
if the interest of the people in the room went too much,who was the person who is standing up giving?the president says he had to find some way to get to himself.
one way to do that was two.
take this to go out of his pocket.
take the.
so the paper is put in the oldest place in the ashtray.
to set up his license and like this,to go with,but system will start to suffer in the ice tray.this attractive.
local.
we ran.
we ran an intelligent program at the rand corporation,which does attract a number of interesting people for a year.so run captain with a member of that.
often the member of that.and.
there is the somewhat less.
people.
and when there is left,the night took over,the running of all of this sort of stuff.
we were having to look more so outside money than we had originally.we were very lucky,as the corporation in the early sixties,to be what is.
what was.
a.
the international contract research center.
and if it wasn't called that,it was called something else and it doesn't matter anyway what is the max,but.
one four places in the united states.
that could get research contracts from the government without having to bid for them.
they could be just given without you,without your very fitting competitively against somebody else.
and the whole rent operational,three hundred people there was on something called project ran,which was a one page document.
that said,essentially the recuperation will do research,a mutual in a common interest and benefit to the corporation and the united states.
and they say,what would be.
this was one day,cease to be interested in it,to say,once.well well we could just discuss that on the day.
meanwhile,we seventy one on doing what we told them,right?
and right.and it was.
and so i started something.when we.
move on with that mood,little bit of work required to complete the.
i got a couple of.
one was just to do a survey.this was a very minor one from the c i a.
and i learned something about the c i a.
you wonder why would submit join the cia in order to be a research contract?
a truly goes through,will not have trouble to get into the sea.you have to take polygraph.
most of the stuff like that,and then you get buried in a place where you can talk about what you doing.
and i think good people.
junior and uninteresting jobs in the c i a all have fantasy about being changed.
but they just allow to do it.and you didn't get that.
many came to my office and said,you know,we'd be interested in.
how do you do some work?for.
on computational linguistics.
and that was fine.i mean,that's so like money to me.so.
i said,well.
what would you like me to do?